Bismarck’s antidote for this particular venom was to develop the best diplomatic relations with the other two large reactionary monarchies, Russia and Austria. Russia, to aid her in conducting a retaliatory war. What had to be avoided, under all circumstances, was that she found continental allies, in particular in the East, i.e. That France, irate over the defeat of 1871 but momentarily impotent, would remain the perpetual enemy was clear. He has always considered his highest duty to ensure friendly relations with all nations surrounding Germany, if possible. The Iron Chancellor had retired – quite against his will – on March 18, 1890. Header, left to right: German Secretaries of the Foreign Office after Otto von Bismarck : Herbert von Bismarck, his son (in office Octountil March 26, 1890), Bernhard von Bülow, later Chancellor (Octountil October 23, 1900), Heinrich Leonhard von Tschirschky und Bögendorff (Januuntil October 25, 1907), Wilhelm von Schoen (October 26,1907 until June 27, 1910), Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter (Juntil December 30, 1912) and Gottlieb von Jagow (Januuntil November 22, 1916).
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